Defensive driving

Defensive driving means actively reducing risk by anticipating, keeping margins and communicating clearly.

Principles

• Space cushion – time and distance
• Visibility – see and be seen
• Communication – signals and eye contact

Techniques

• Early hazard detection with structured scanning
• Smooth speed control and clear positioning
• Clear turn signals and eye contact where possible

Scenarios

• City, rural roads, motorways
• Rain, snow, fog and darkness

Myths and economy

• Defensive driving is not “slow”; it’s efficient and smooth
• Saves fuel and brakes by avoiding unnecessary speed changes

Related topics

• Merging and lane changes
• Speed and distance
• Attention and interaction